Early Years (18th-19th Century):
In the early years of the United States, federal taxation was minimal, primarily relying on tariffs, excise taxes, and occasional direct taxes.
The national debt fluctuated significantly, often rising during times of war and falling during periods of peace and economic growth.
Introduction of Federal Income Tax (20th Century):

The modern federal income tax was introduced with the ratification of the 16th Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1913.
Initially, tax rates were relatively low and applied only to high-income earners.
The national debt remained relatively modest compared to later years.
World War I and Interwar Period:

The need to finance World War I led to significant increases in federal income tax rates and expansion of the tax base.
Despite efforts to raise revenue through taxation, the national debt increased substantially due to the costs of the war.
After the war, tax rates were gradually lowered, but the debt remained elevated.
Great Depression and World War II:

The Great Depression prompted the government to raise tax rates and introduce new taxes to address falling revenue and finance relief programs.
World War II further escalated federal spending and debt levels. To fund the war effort, tax rates were raised significantly, and tax brackets were expanded to include more taxpayers.

By the end of World War II, the national debt had reached historic highs relative to GDP.

Post-War Period and Cold War Era:
In the post-war period, tax rates remained relatively high compared to pre-war levels, as the government sought to reduce the debt accumulated during the war.
The Cold War era saw continued high levels of military spending, contributing to fluctuations in the national debt.
Tax policy evolved, with periods of tax cuts and tax reforms aimed at stimulating economic growth and addressing budget deficits.

Late 20th Century to Present:
Tax policy underwent significant changes during this period, including the Tax Reform Act of 1986, which simplified the tax code and lowered tax rates.
The 21st century saw further tax cuts, particularly with the Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 and the Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003 under President George W. Bush.
The national debt increased substantially in the early 21st century, driven by factors such as the War on Terror, financial bailouts, and economic stimulus measures.
Tax tables continued to be adjusted over the years, with changes in rates, brackets, deductions, and credits affecting taxpayer liabilities.

Throughout the 20th & 21st century, the relationship between federal tax tables and the national debt has been one of revenue generation and expenditure. Changes in tax policy have been influenced by various factors, including economic conditions, political priorities, and the need to address budgetary challenges, including the national debt.

The US Federal Debt has generally trended upwards over the past century, with fluctuations influenced by factors such as wars, economic recessions, and government spending policies.

Major spikes in the debt occurred during periods of war, such as World War I, World War II, and the post-9/11 conflicts.

The debt has also increased due to economic downturns, financial crises, and government stimulus measures

To see what tax brackets have been historically between 1862 and 2021